Commonly Confused Words Diagnosis and Prognosis

Commonly Confused Words Diagnosis and Prognosis The words  diagnosis and prognosis are commonly (though not exclusively) used in the medical field. Both terms contain the root word gnosis, which means knowledge. But  diagnosis and prognosis refer to different kinds of knowledge or information. Definitions The noun diagnosis refers to the process of analyzing information to understand or explain something. The plural of diagnosis is diagnoses. The adjective form is diagnostic. The noun prognosis means a forecast or predictiona judgment about what is likely to occur in the future. The plural of prognosis is prognoses. In the medical field, diagnosis relates to identifying and understanding the nature of a disease or disorder, while a prognosis  is a prediction of the probable outcome of a disease or disorder. Examples Medical researchers are examining strategies for the early diagnosis of Alzheimers disease.A simple 15-minute brain scan could help doctors diagnose people* with  autism  by identifying structural differences in their brains. Scientists say the scans would speed up what is currently a long and emotional diagnostic procedure and allow the identification of at-risk children more rapidly.​(Alok Jha, Autism Can Be Diagnosed With Brain ScanStudy. The Guardian [UK], August 10, 2010)* See usage notes below.  The prognosis for continued and sustainable improvements in human well-being on a transformed planet Earth is, at best, guarded.​(W.C. Clark et al., Science for Global Sustainability.  Earth System Analysis for Sustainability, ed. by Hans-Joachim Schellnhuber et al. MIT Press, 2004)Our task was to  learn all that was known  about the natural history of disease so that we could make an accurate diagnosis and a reasonably probabilistic prognosis.  That done, ou r function as doctors  would be to enlist the best possible nursing care, explain matters to the patient and family, and stand by.​(Lewis Thomas, The Fragile Species. Touchstone, 1996) Usage Notes The distinguishing  difference between diagnosis and prognosis  is that prognosis implies the prediction of a future state. Thus, to accomplish prognosis requires both diagnostic and predictive tools, the former to sense the current state of damage and the latter to predict the future state based on projected usage and applicable life-prediction routines.​(Materials Damage Prognosis, ed. by James M. Larsen et al., 2005)  The disease, not the patient, is diagnosed. Do not write She was diagnosed with cancer. But also avoid stilted constructions like this: She was given a diagnosis of cancer. Consider simpler alternatives: She learned she had cancer. Tests showed she had cancer. Her doctor told her she had cancer.(Allan M. Siegal and William G. Connolly, The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, 5th ed. Three Rivers Press, 2015)Lurie 1927 disapproves of using the verb diagnose with a person as its object, even though there is often no other way of avoiding a stilted se ntence. . . . [W]e believe that it is more frequently found in speech than in writing. However, the usefulness of this sense of diagnose is manifest, and its use in writing may well increase.(Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, 1994) Practice (a) When the ships engine wouldnt start, the chief engineer offered a _____ of the problem.(b) The gloomy _____ for jobs and incomes in the coming year sent stock prices falling. Answers to Practice Exercises (a) When the ships engine wouldnt start, the chief engineer offered a  diagnosis  of the problem.(b) The gloomy  prognosis  for jobs and incomes in the coming year sent stock prices falling.

5 marketing questions ( please use relatively marketing concepts) Essay

5 marketing questions ( please use relatively marketing concepts) - Essay Example ey are planning to buy not only for the producers, but also from the general public, people they know and those who are total strangers (Kozinets, De Valck, Wojnicki & Wilner 2010, p. 74). Some of these people who have previously used the product or service in question can give important information that might be useful for decision makings. In online communities the quality of information that is availed to consumers is very essential. Despite the fact that online communities can be important to consumers because of the fact that they get the information from fellow consumer, the marketing department of certain products and services usually have very little say about the quality of information that is communicated to consumers. This can be said to be a weakening factor to marketing departments globally (Cheung, Lee & Rabjohn 2008, p. 232). As days go by, the power of giving information that influence decision making on products and services is gradually moving from the hands of marketing departments to the hands of consumers. Given the fact that online consumer communities influence the choice of consumers of on which products or services to consume, marketers should be cautious of this shift of power. By this awareness they should at making greater use of online consumer communities to affect the consumption of their products and services (Clarke & Flaherty 2005, p. 88). One thing that they should have in mind is that whenever targeting online communities of consumer, they should take into consideration the fact that the effectiveness of the use of these communities always differs by culture (Hennig†Thurau, Gwinner, Walsh & Gremler 2004, p. 44). For instance, a research that was carried out in the difference in the use of online consumer communities between individualism communities and communism communities, it was discovered that they were more effective in the communist countries. It is undeniable that the shift of power for product promotion is shifting

Decision-making process in nursing base on scenario. Initial Essay

Decision-making process in nursing base on scenario. Initial presentation of patient and diagnostic fase - Essay Example 2005). When making choices, nurses are obliged to take due care and ensure they discharge their duties in accordance with their professional training and expertise. This experience may have been acquired from work practice or from training (Royal College of Nursing, 2006, p.17). To attain a high degree of joint understanding between the patients, relatives and practitioners, the medical practitioners should establish Ð ° training program to ensure that all the stakeholders are made aware of the prevailing circumstances and the possible consequences of the action taken by the health care practitioners. The healthcare providers must exercise their professional ethics to ensure they act in good faith and in the interests of the patients (Royal College of Nursing, 2006, p.22). The nurses should first assess the problem and then seek for solutions to the emerging issues during the assessment process. The alternative chosen should promise the best outcome and should be as effective as pos sible. The medical practitioner decisions are however influenced by their expertise, the available medical facilities, and the level of acceptance of the consequences of the outcome of the decision taken, as well as willingness of the patient and the relatives to acknowledge those consequences. The nurses have a duty to assess the situation at hand and make decisions concerning the treatment that can be given to the patient. In this case, the patient who is an elderly woman and has a wound on her left limb undergoes many challenges which affect her life in many ways such as inability to move from one place to another (Royal College of Nursing, 2006, p.35). She cannot work for her daily bread since she is unable to move around. She also undergoes a lot of stress because she cannot interact with other people in the society (Jones, 2005). The first thing the nurse has to consider when examining the patient is the family background because this could give them a clue as to what may have caused the wound. Some of the problems are inherited genetically. In case the problem has ever affected one or more of the family members, the medical practitioner can get an avenue for making a conclusion regarding the patient’s condition. Also, patients’ background is likely to point out a situation in the patient’s life which may have contributed to the problem (Lewenson, and Truglio-Londrigan, 2008, p.143). These could include previous surgery wounds which may have resulted in complications for various reasons such as bone fracture during surgery or inflammations sustained during the operation process. The patient has been in this condition for a period of four weeks. Before the practitioners can make a decision regarding the patient’s condition, they should first get information from the patient because this will assist them in making the choice (Royal College of Nursing, 2006, p.26). According to the past records, this patient had similar problem t hree years before its recurrence, and the condition was cured by compression bandaging. The nurses can use this information to interpret the condition which may be affecting the patient. For example the venous ulcers could be treated though compression bandage unlike other types of ulcers such as those caused by depression of diabetes. The health care providers should also carry out physical assessment of the patient. They should examine the skin and the wound

TV and Film Violence Essay Example for Free

TV and Film Violence Essay Does the violence in films and on TV contribute to violence in society? This question has been debated for decades. During that time some 2,500 books and articles have been written on the effects of TV and film violence on human behavior. In this article were going to summarize some the latest thinking on this subject. The results of one of the most extensive studies ever done on the subject of violence and TV were released in 2003. Researchers followed 329 subjects over 15 years. They found that those who as children were exposed to violent TV shows were much more likely to later be convicted of crime. Researchers said that, Media violence can affect any child from any family, regardless of social class or parenting. Girls who watched more than an average amount of violence tended to throw things at their husbands. Boys who grew up watching violent TV shows were more likely to be violent with their wives. Researchers concluded in Developmental Psychology that, Every violent TV show increases a little-bit the likelihood of a child growing up to behave more aggressively. Well look at more of the research in a moment. Canada was one of the first countries to extensively research this issue. The results of their studies prompted some of their engineers to devise the V-Chip. As you may know, the V-Chip allows parents to lock out TV programming they consider objectionable to their children. Although the concern in Canada was primarily violence (hence the V-chip), in the United States there is also great concern about sexual content probably more than in most other industrialized societies. Hence, the V-chip can be programmed to screen out both violence and sex. Cause-Effect Proof A clear cause-effect relationship between media violence and violence in society is complicated by the fact that children are typically exposed to many stimuli as they grow up, many of which could play a role in later behavior. For example, during a childs life we cant discount the role of such things as violent video games, the social values of parents and peers, or general living conditions. If you eat something that you have not tried before and immediately get sick, you will probably assume theres a direct relationship between the two. And if at some later date you forget about your first experience and eat the same thing again, and immediately get sick again, you can be fairly sure that whatever you ate makes you sick. No rocket science here, just clear cause and effect. Unfortunately, when it comes to violence in the media, the cause and effect is not as readily apparent. A few decades ago you would see doctors in TV commercials endorsing a particular brand of cigarettes. Many medical doctors smoked. Not today. Today the evidence is clear: smoking is the number one cause of preventable heath problems and premature death in the United States. Although for years the cigarette manufacturers suppressed evidence that linked smoking to health problems, eventually the cause-effect relationship became obvious to anyone who wanted investigate the facts. Unlike the cause and effect in the example of your eating something and immediately getting sick, the effects of cigarette smoking arent immediately apparent. Its only years later that many smokers develop lung cancer, heart problems, emphysema, sexual problems, etc. In the same way-after looking at years of accumulated data-were now recognizing a relationship between violence in the media and social problems. The results of a study released in March, 2002 that tracked 700 male and female youths over a seventeen-year period showed a definite relationship between TV viewing habits and acts of aggression and crime in the later life. All other possible contributing environmental elements, such as poverty, living in a violent neighborhood, and neglect, were factored out of this study. According to one of the authors of the study, the findings help cement the link between TV and violence. The study is detailed in Science. | Violence and TV Ratings Its well known that TV violence holds an attraction for most viewers and this attraction translates into ratings and profits. Because of this, most media executives have been reluctant to admit that media violence is in any way responsible for violence in our society. If it werent for the ratings and profits involved, producers would undoubtedly be much more willing to acknowledge the harm in TV and film violence and do something about it. After many high school students died in a shooting rampage at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado in April, 1999, many people were quick to blame the media. Violent video games and a well-known film were seen as contributing factors. Even so, a clear cause and effect is hard to establish. For example, millions of young people were exposed to both of these influences throughout their lives without going on a murderous rampage. But when you add extreme anger, easy access to guns, and an indifferent and amoral attitude toward the lives of others, the results can be very different. In 1992, TV Guide commissioned a study of a typical 18-hour TV broadcast day to determine levels of violence. The networks and the more popular cable channels were monitored for purposeful, overt, deliberate behavior involving physical force or weapons against other individuals. There were 1,846 acts of violence that broke down this way.

Essay --

Why should Philippine government invest in Nuclear power? What is Nuclear energy? Nuclear energy is the energy released in two different processes, which is nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Fission is the process of splitting a large atom into smaller atoms while fusion is the process of fusing smaller and lighter atoms into a large atom. The number one use of nuclear energy is to generate electricity. Electricity is generated through a Nuclear Power plant or a Nuclear Reactor. Nuclear reactors produces electricity in a much similar way with other power plants produces electricity. The process on how a nuclear reactor produces electricity is that it produces and controls the release of energy from splitting the atoms of certain elements then the energy released is used as heat, which turns water into steam, and then later on the steam is used to generate electricity. The difference of a nuclear power plant to other power plants is in the process on how the heat is created. Other power plants that run on fossil fuels, burn oil, coal or natural gases generate heat. While in a nuclear power plant, it generates heat by splitting the atoms of certain elements like uranium. Nuclear energy requires a large capital for emergencies, storage systems and containment but it has a lot of benefits and the best energy source in the long run. With the depleting sources, nuclear energy is the only energy source that can satisfy global demand, effectively replace fossil fuels and it is more sustainable than other energy sources. Nuclear energy has no greenhouse or acid rain effects and the fuel is inexpensive. Nuclear energy also provides environmental safety because the process on how nuclear energy is generated is that it is one of the clea... ... of energy is coal and recently the government approved to build 17 coal plant more in addition to 15 existing coal plant. But there are so many bad sides of using coal and there is better alternative for coal, the nuclear power. Since energy from coal is not affordable for many people in the Philippines and cost tremendously to environment through causing greenhouse effect and destroying ozone layer. Even though nuclear power is not risk-free like the event in Fukushima’s failure of nuclear plant, however the danger of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions may be more urgent -- and thus make nuclear a better choice than coal form the environment. Even for waste disposal, a typical coal-burning power plant creates over 300,000 tons of waste ash and sludge each year while a typical nuclear power plant generates 20 metric tons of radioactive waste annually

Homelessness: What We Can Do About It

â€Å"Being homeless is often defined as sleeping on the streets. Although this is the most visible and severe form of homelessness, there are many other types of acute housing need. These include living in temporary accommodation, poor or overcrowded conditions, or being in mortgage arrears and under threat of re-possession. † (Hope, 27) It is a symptom of many complex problems: mental illness, emotional instability, illiteracy, chronic substance abuse, unemployment, and, most basic of all, the breakdown of city planning. Anyone can become homeless and the reasons that force people into homelessness are many and varied. The leading cause, however, of homelessness in the United States is the inability of poor people to afford housing. â€Å"Housing costs have risen significantly over the last decade, while the incomes of poor and middle-class Americans have stagnated. † (Erickson, 169) The millions of Americans who are unemployed or work in low-paying jobs are among the most vulnerable to becoming homeless. Therefore, homelessness, housing, and income are inextricably linked. Low-income people are frequently unable to pay for housing, food, child-care, health care, and education. Difficult choices must be made when limited resources cover only some of these necessities. Often it is housing, which takes a high proportion of income that must be dropped. Two major sources of income are from employment and public assistance. A decrease in either one of them would certainly put poor people at risk of homelessness. Additionally, minimum wage earnings no longer lift families above the poverty line. More than 3 million poor Americans spend more than half of their total income on housing, yet the Department of Housing and Urban Development estimates families should spend no more than 30%. † (Gilbert, 84) Although many homeless adults are employed, they work in day-labor jobs that do not meet basic needs, while technological acceleration excludes others from a competitive job market. Many factors have contributed to declining work opportunities for large segments of the workforce, including the loss of well-paying manufacturing jobs. The decline in relatively secure and well-paying jobs in manufacturing, which have been replaced by less secure and poorly-paid jobs in the service sector, has greatly limited the opportunities for poorly-educated and low-skilled segments of the population. This transformation has led to an unprecedented incidence of chronic unemployment and underemployment. (Hardin, 379) â€Å"Underemployment is an especially useful measure of the decline in secure jobs since, unlike the unemployment rate, measures of underemployment reflect not only individuals who are unemployed, but also involuntary part-timers and those who have given up seeking work. (Hardin, 263) In addition to increasing underemployment, an estimated 29. 4% of the workforce are employed in nonstandard work arrangements, for example, independent contracting, working for a temporary help agency, day labor, and regular part-time employment. These kinds of work arrangements typically offer lower wages, fewer benefits, and less job security. â€Å"As recently as 1967, a year-round worker earning the minimum wage was paid enough to raise a family of three above the poverty line† (Sklar, 103). From 1981-1990, however, â€Å"the minimum wage was frozen at $3. 5 an hour, while the cost of living increased 48% over the same period. Congress raised the minimum wage to $5. 15 per hour in 1996. This increase made up only slightly more than half of the ground lost to inflation in the 1980s† (Hardin, 191). Thus, full-time year-round minimum-wage earnings currently not equal to the estimated poverty line for a family of three. Unsurprisingly, the decline in the value of the minimum wage has been accompanied by an increase in the number of people earning poverty-level wages and the declining wages have put housing out of reach for many workers, in every state. Slashed public assistance has also left many people homeless or at risk of homelessness. Replacement of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) entitlement program, a program that was already inadequate in meeting the needs of families, with the non-entitlement block grant program would significantly increase the risk of homelessness for many Americans. Furthermore, earned income and asset limitations discourage individuals and families from breaking the cycle of homelessness and extreme poverty. Several states have terminated or reduced public assistance and food stamps for individuals, while Social Security Income (SSI) is inadequate, and sometimes impossible to obtain, for disabled individuals. As a result, the number of poor Americans is growing and the poor are getting poorer. Across America, there has been a substantial decline in the number of housing units that low-income people and those in need of shelter assistance can afford. Those losses have resulted primarily from downtown urban renewal, gentrification, abandonment, and suburban land use controls. The elimination and reduction of federal low income housing programs has also dramatically reduced the supply of affordable shelter. Moreover, construction of low income and assisted housing has essentially stopped. Due to the increased demand and diminished supply of housing or shelter, the problem of homelessness is further deteriorated. The amount of housing available in the private sector rental stock is diminishing rapidly. As more and more landlords abandon apartment buildings and houses rather than repair them, the housing supply for the poor has declined at an accelerating pace in some cities in the nation. The growth of service-sector employment in central business districts has attracted white-collar professionals, many of whom prefer to live in accessible central city neighborhoods, where they compete with poor, indigenous residents for private market housing (Noyelle, 210). The result is frequently gentrification of inner city housing which traditionally has been the major source of low- income housing. At the same time, downtown service sector expansion has created jobs for many low-waged workers, which increases the demand for low cost shelter readily accessible to the downtown. It makes the homeless in downtown even harder to rent a place to live. Downtown development also diminishes the supply of low-income housing for poor people. As the City raises more new office towers, the vacancy for housing is getting less. In Seattle, for instance, office space in downtown grew from 13 million square feet in 1981 to about 24 million square feet in 1990. On the other hand, the downtown low-income housing stock declined from about 11,000 units in 1980 to less than 6,000 units in 1987. With the passage of new housing levies, cities will try to regain some low income units, but today s low-income units vanish faster than they can be built and there is still a shortage in housing supply in downtown areas. Besides, the qualities of temporary shelters for homeless people are terrible that they think staying on streets is a better choice. Not only have the lost bed-spaces not been made up, but the new hostels are not as readily accessible to the homeless coming directly off the street. They tend to cater to special-needs groups and access tends to be through referral. Planners can play an important role in the search for solutions to homelessness. And homelessness is an extensive, complex process. Different kinds of intervention are needed to deal with the problem. But the most widely accepted approach is a three-tier system, beginning with emergency shelters and moving through transitional accommodations to long-term housing. Rehabilitation of old buildings by minimal funding are common projects to provide shelters for the homeless people. However, some observers suggests that making the renovation of buildings for low-income housing profitable, for developers or investors, can be the solution to the homeless problem. Our examination makes it clear that piecemeal intervention can alleviate emergency shelter crises, but such action will not resolve the long-term problem of finding permanent shelter for the homeless and returning them to the mainstream of society wherever possible, which we regard as the ultimate goal of intervention. Equally obvious is that while long-term intervention strategies are vital, they do not address the problems of survival for those presently without shelter and support. We conclude that both long-term and short-term measures are necessary, but that all the solutions should be based on integrated, comprehensive understanding of the homelessness problem. Only such a comprehensive approach will allow planners to develop workable strategies with any chance for success.

Child And Youth Survey The And Nichols Was A...

There were several relevant variables used in this study. The control variables used were demographic, socioeconomic, and other adversity variables such as sex, ethnicity, poverty status, mother’s educational attainment, cognitive ability, and home environment quality. The dependent variables in this study were related to academic outcomes such as extended absences and failure to graduate from high school. The independent variables used were parental incarceration, sibling incarceration, and other household member’s incarceration (Loper and Nichols, 2012). The study by Lopers and Nichols was a longitudinal, study design using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, Child and Youth survey (NLSY 2010), which included women and their children. According to Lopers and Nichols, â€Å"Out of the sample, 585 met criteria for the household incarceration status, to be compared to 2,753 individuals who did not experience household incarceration† (p. 5). Furthermore, it was not possible to determine if the sample was consistent with national trends since statistics for this specific population are unavailable. However, the sample included a 6.7% incarceration rate which is consistent with other published studies. Out of this sample 39% reported parental incarceration, 31% reported sibling incarceration, and 18.6% reported other household member incarceration. Furthermore, 10.9% reported incarceration of several types of family members. Data was used from 11 waves of theShow MoreRelatedCritique of a Research Article about Inc arceration in the Household by Loper Nichols (2012)2317 Words   |  10 PagesIn a study of children that had a family member or family associate incarcerated prior to their 18th birthday, Loper Nichols (2012) attempted to address the impact that such incarceration had on such children. It was expected, consistent with previous literature, that household incarceration would have an impact on academic outcomes. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between household incarceration and two outcomes: failure to graduate high school and extended school absenceRead MoreLauren Touchet. Cjus301. 17 February 2017. Research Paper/Lit1325 Words   |  6 Pages resulting in an incarcerated population that has soared from approximately 340,000 in the early 1970s to nearly 2.3 million today† (Raeder, 2012). â€Å"Parents held in the nation’s prisons—52% of state inmates and 63% of federal inmates—reported having an estimated 1,706,600 minor chi ldren, accounting for 2.3% of the U.S. resident population under age 18† (Glaze Maruschak, 2008, p. 1). In an article titled, â€Å"Parental Incarceration and Child Well-Being: Implications for Urban Families†, published inRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesa wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a star ting point for getting to grips with theRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesStudents achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  »